Scientists Report Earth Reaching ‘Tipping Point’ With ‘Severe Impacts’ on Quality of Life
- Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:08pm by
Liz Klimas
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(Image: Shutterstock)
A new report by 22 international scientists published in Thursday’s edition of the journal Nature is stating we are nearing an age where we will have reached the “tipping point” on Earth that, once passed, will have “destructive consequences.”
Anthony Barnosky, professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author for the study explained in a university press release that the research presents a combination of factors that lead to this tipping point. They include population growth, destruction of ecosystems and climate change as the factors.
“It really will be a new world, biologically, at that point,” Barnosky said in a statement. “The data suggests that there will be a reduction in biodiversity and severe impacts on much of what we depend on to sustain our quality of life, including, for example, fisheries, agriculture, forest products and clean water. This could happen within just a few generations.”
The report comes just before United Nations Rio+20 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro later this month.
Researchers from a variety of disciplins – biologists, ecologists, complex-systems theoreticians, geologists and paleontologists — contributed to the report called “Approaching a State Shift in Earth’s Biosphere.”
Here Barnosky discusses the “tipping point” scientists believe they’ve seen in the past and the plans they suggest for avoiding the point of no return:
Berkley also notes co-author Elizabeth Hadly from Stanford University saying this “tipping point” is getting close in some parts of the world. It is hypothesized in the paper that once the 50 to 90 percent of the area has been changed, the effects will be irreversible:
Currently, to support a population of 7 billion people, about 43 percent of Earth’s land surface has been converted to agricultural or urban use, with roads cutting through much of the remainder. The population is expected to rise to 9 billion by 2045; at that rate, current trends suggest that half Earth’s land surface will be disturbed by 2025. To Barnosky, this is disturbingly close to a global tipping point.
“Can it really happen? Looking into the past tells us unequivocally that, yes, it can really happen. It has happened. The last glacial/interglacial transition 11,700 years ago was an example of that,” he said, noting that animal diversity still has not recovered from extinctions during that time. “I think that if we want to avoid the most unpleasant surprises, we want to stay away from that 50 percent mark.”
The San Francisco Gate pulls out more specifics on the factors contributing to the “tipping point” cited in the report:
- The rapid growth in the world’s human population – to 9 billion or more by 2050 and possibly 27 billion by the end of the century – is quickly consuming available resources.
- Fossil fuels are being burned at a rapidly increasing rate, increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 35 percent since the industrial revolution began. At the same time, ocean acidity has risen by 5 percent in the past 20 years.
- Ocean productivity is being diminished by vast “dead zones” where no fish swim, while 40 percent of Earth’s land mass that was once “biodiverse” now contains far fewer species of crop plants and domestic animals.
- More animal species than ever are becoming extinct, and many plant and animal species are being forced by global warming to seek new ranges that could place them at risk of extinction, as well.
- Within the next 60 years, the average global temperature “will be higher than it has been since the human species evolved.”
The Gate also states though that MIT researcher Richard Lindzen, who was not involved in the study, saying the likelihood of these events happening are “highly implausible.” On the flip side, the Chronicle for Higher Education reports Paul Ehrlich, a professor of population studies at Stanford, saying the predictions made in the study don’t go far enough — they’re “a little too optimistic.”
The paper emphasizes the need for improved models to better predict how the planet will react to quickly changing conditions. In this video, Branosky discusses the Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, which working on models to reach these predictions:
[H/T io9]



















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Comments (213)
Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:38pmIf wars are bad for the environment then you cannot have a weak kneed , wild eyed, wilderbeast of a President kowtowing to Russian, Iran & China.
If you don’t think that President Obama is weak kneed , wild eyed, or wilderbeast, then answer this.
How is he going to prevent war in Syria. How is he going to prevent a more oppressive or a similarly oppressive government form taking charge?
Answer is he won’t & he has no intention of doing so.
Report Post »13th Imam
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:08pmIs this really a Rep Hank Johnson DEMOCRAT, GA Joke?? After all, he said the Territory of Guam was going to tip over and capsize due to overpopulation. And we have Margie Sanger and Planned Depopulation and the DEMOCRATS to get rid of the lesser races ( her view).
Report Post »RabidPatriot
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:55pmThe weather where I live is just as pleasant as it has always been. The water is still clean. The air is still clean. The hundreds of trees on my property are still healthy. My garden produces better crops every year. The ocean is less than 1/10th of a mile from my house and the shoreline is exactly where it has always been. If this is the tipping point of disaster then I’m fine with that.
Report Post »Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:56pm13th Imamn
No joke. Getting involved in a war to end it more quickly & to the satisfaction of the left is now okay.
The two reasons that theologians of the left such as Samantha Powers have come up with is R2P & to stop environmental degradation. If a civil war would continue on for several years there would be environmental degradation, so we are obliged according to the left to expend American blood & treasure to decide an outcome for one side or the other. The side chosen to win could become in a short period of time anti-American & strip the environment to moonscape but that doesn’t not enter into the involved cerebral calculations of Samnatha Powers, her husband C(r)ass Sunsteen or other leftists muckety mucks.
We intervened in Libya in part due to R2P, but mainly because Italy & France shamed & cajoled Obama into doing so (they wanted the oil). The result is an anti-American government & increased environmental degradation.
Report Post »TheBlazeReader
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 9:12pmThis means that war is a healthy thing for the survival of humanity. With war come alot of loss of lives which is unfortunate. But if you think about the long run of humanity’s existance, then you will see that it is helping the world. With less people on the world, then the more food, electricty, and other necessities are available at a lowwww price.
Report Post »lukerw
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 11:02pmI once read a book that Proclaimed: Humans are Bred… by Higher Powers… for LUCK… where Position, Power, Wealth, Heroism, & Survivability of our Idols… are simply about being Lucky.
Feeling Lucky?
Report Post »SUNTZU
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 2:02amThe Obo adm. was the tipping point.
Report Post »historyguy48
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 7:31amIs this related to global warming? How about “We’ll be out of oil by 1988″ or mankind will be starving by the year 2000 or Y2K is gonna kill everyone! Lets not forget about Dec. 21 of this year although, given what is going on around the world, that just might happen.
Report Post »WW 1 was the “War to end all wars!“ but a nuclear war will actually do that because it will make the book ”On the Beach” a reality. But, since Barry is beloved by the world we don’t need to fear Muslim Radicals, Russian Radicals (Putin), Chinese Radicals, EMP’s, the dismantling of our defensive missile shield, the rise of the National Socialists or the Communists that have control of our government! Love reins supreme throughout the world so, like any good ostrich, keep your head buried in the sand and watch your “reality Television” after all it is muchmore real than whats happeing in this world!
Best guess about the aftermath of an EMP is that 10% of the American Population is alive one year later. Our defense against an EMP? Give the rest of the world one!
SLOWBIDEN
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 6:01pmWatch out for manbearpig
Report Post »1TrueOne55
Posted on June 9, 2012 at 5:08amJust Read the book of Revelation of John in the back of the Bible and you will see that this was all predicted AEONS ago.
Report Post »SJvet
Posted on June 9, 2012 at 12:51pmThese liberal climate “scientists” are tiresome. They keep repeating the global warming, climate change THEORY as fact, when the facts point elsewhere. Somehow, global warming causes warm weather, cold weather, excessive rain, blizzards, droughts, and ever-increasing hurricanes that are actually diminishing, but why trouble oneself with facts? CO2 is essential to all life and increases in CO2 does not cause warming, but atmospheric warming increases CO2 levels, which results in lush plant life which convert it to oxygen.
Report Post »DieselDave
Posted on June 9, 2012 at 4:59pmFaithful zealots in the new religion of Socailist Statism. Their faith in their New Testament canon theology of Eugenics and Climate Change follows their Old Testament books “The Communist Manifesto” and “On The Origin of Species”. These scriptures are all the proof they need. Anything that doesn’t support their canon shall not be examined.
These folks are just as scary as the Islamic nut jobs. Religious fanatics that will kill for their cause are a problem period. These are the same folks that will say any casualties of their culture war are a “necessary evil” or those folks are sacrificing their lives “For the greater good.” These folks assume You will be the one sacrificing. Not them. They are furiously writing regulations to make it so.
But Socialist Statists don’t kill for their cause… Ask those folks that were starved and murdered by their Statist leaders in the “Cultural Revolutions” in Cambodia, China, and the Ukraine… Don’t think it can happen here? Pull your head out of the hole you keep it in and look around.
Report Post »do_it_all_again
Posted on June 10, 2012 at 4:55amif the govt. would STOP paying farmers to NOT produce ,, then the farmers could plant crops and raise domestic animals.
Report Post »the worst thing you can do when the population increases, is to stop producing food! or to burn it for fuel.
and the farmers are just going along with it, by accepting the subsidies,, this causes shortages, and increases prices, supply and demand !!
STOP paying subsidies, and let the farmers and ranchers produce,,but this is how you control the population,,by controlling the food supply !!!
when will people wake up?
Hollywood
Posted on June 10, 2012 at 8:52amAHA. JUST in time to bring up AGENDA 21, once again, as a solution, for land mgm etc.{Spread the wealth in reality]
Report Post »jlherbst
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:38pmBarnosky said, “Can it really happen? Looking into the past tells us unequivocally that, yes, it can really happen. It has happened. The last glacial/interglacial transition 11,700 years ago was an example of that,” he said, noting that animal diversity still has not recovered from extinctions during that time.
Um, I may be wrong, but all the supposed man-induced climate change stuff wasn’t around 11,700 years ago. Through you own admission, it would seem this is happening naturally, my dear Mr. Scientist.
Report Post »loopy1
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:46pmYou must have forgotten. We were recently told that dinosaur farts caused the last big change. I wonder if they’ve gotten to “consensus” on that one yet, huh?
Report Post »starman70
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:48pmThe only tipping point is that of the scientists who write this drivel. They realize that that the worlds population has figured out that the entire global warming scenario is just a scam. They know that they are about to lose their lucrative funding and grants and are now panicing. They have to create a false reason to instill fear in the public so they can continue to receive all those grants.
Report Post »Honestybefore truth
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 2:29amTHE SKY IS FALLING!!!! THE SKY IS FALLING!!!!! These “Chicken Little” researcher’s funding must be drying up because of the economy. So, as usual, they trot out their ouija board and start exponding on the coming disasters. These fools should, at the very least, be stripped of all of their accreditations.
Report Post »Alessandre
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 8:34pmthey’re also paid to provide literature for the next UN climate conference.
Report Post »BurntHills
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:36pmyeah yeah yeah, blah blah, and saliva swallowed in small amounts over many years causes cancer.
we will never believe these commie ”scientists” again.
Report Post »The-Monk
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:50pmThis guy has AGENDA 21 stamped on his forehead and all over his research.
As soon as I read, “University of California, Berkeley” I knew exactly what he was going to say.
And then he went and proved me right…
Report Post »maccow
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:06pmI say Nuke the rich gay baby polar bears from my SUV.
Something to offend everyone.
Report Post »Sue Dohnim
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:09pm@THE-MONK
HAHA, I didn’t even get that far it had that stench of ECOMARXISM in the title..
Report Post »Tankertony
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 10:25pm@ Sue
I wish my wife talked that way……
Report Post »thx1138v2
Posted on June 9, 2012 at 2:32pm@maccow
Report Post »Oh, sure. And let the poor heterosexual adult whales just rule the world.
Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:33pmSteve Zwick & Peter Glick are as serious as heart attacks or that Hamberlin guy.
The Russians are going to develop Shale oil regardless of what the fruit cakes in America say, do, or legislate.
http://junkscience.com/2012/06/07/charles-clough-climate-catastrophe-skeptics-if-you-cant-beat-em-shrink-em/
http://junkscience.com/2012/06/07/pierre-gosselin-medieval-warm-period-and-little-ice-age-show-up-in-south-america-too-far-far-away-from-north-atlantic/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/10/04/an-open-letter-to-climate-change-deniers-and-skeptics-the-final-chocolate-straw/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/11/21/the-rise-and-fall-of-climate-change-denial/
http://junkscience.com/2012/06/07/shale-play-in-western-siberia-is-80-times-bigger-than-the-bakken/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2012/02/14/a-top-german-environmentalist-cools-on-global-warming/
Report Post »The_Almighty_Creestof
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:32pmEven if you do or do not believe in God, you have to know that life on Earth has been destroyed many times between ice ages and so on. Man is nothing unique in that we are creatures along for the ride. It is 100% arrogant to ever say man will destroy the Earth. The Earth will be here long after mankind is barely a footnote in time.
If it is going to happen, then today is just as good as tomorrow.
It is this very reason I stand against space exploration. It is either for satisfying our curiosity or colonization. Well, I don’t wish my money spent to satisfy your curiosty, and colonization is hopeless. There is no way (in the time we have left) to find a habitable planet, establish a COMPLETELY self-contained colony without need for parts/material/food/medicine/supplies…and even if we could…would we really want to? We were given a paradise and have done nothing but destroy each other and all that is around us. I certainly don’t want us spreading to yet another planet to continue the same.
Better to turn the page and reap what we’ve sewn…and wish a hearty “best wishes” for whatever lifeform God sees fit to give a chance here, once he fixes the nightmare we’ve created.
Report Post »Incredulous321
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 5:17amCrestof, you need some happy pills! My God that was depressing. You can‘t really believe there’s nothing good that man and God have created. I look around everyday and marvel at what a beautiful place we live in. Maybe you just need to get out of the city for a few days and smell the roses. I’m not ready for the world to end! I‘d like my grandkids to enjoy they’re time on Earth.
Report Post »amerbur
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:32pmWe all know that there are many evironmental problems in this world. We also know that the last people we will go to are liers and nutcases from Berkleley Ca. We will turn to the dreamers,innovators,capitalist and free people of this nation and the world to find a way. Go away and sit in you meditation circles, because ultimately we know you are a joke and we or God will fix the problems anyway.
Report Post »single stack
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:31pmDamn, the sky is falling again.
Report Post »Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:42pmWhile searching the story written by the rabid alarmist Steve Zwick, who wants to execute people, I found out that all the warmists/alarmists are making a pilgrimage to RIO+20. They need a suitably dire report so they can get people to finally cave-in to their demands.
http://junkscience.com/2012/06/07/charles-clough-climate-catastrophe-skeptics-if-you-cant-beat-em-shrink-em/
Report Post »michael48
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:48pmonly in buzzerkley….
Report Post »Teabunny
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 8:48pmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BTXGusvXjA
Report Post »Sesame Street – Chickens comin’ in the window
MRMANN
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 7:38amThis is no joke.
Report Post »oicu814me2
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:31pmComming from a professor at university of California, Berkley. is it funded by Al Gore??
Report Post »gsplgtr
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:58pmYup and he’s also drinking the cool aid, too. LOL
Report Post »FreedomPurveyor
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:31pmJust imagine what the socialists could accomplish if they had an excuse to control population density and growth.
Report Post »AxelPhantom
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:49pmPerhaps then, “the scientists” need to stop whining about it and start finding a clean renewable source of energy that produces as many Jules as fossil fuels, a new kind of propulsion engine, and get going on those hydroponic farms Biden was waxing about. But then if that happened these “scientists” would be both out of grant money and a job as well.
Imagine if all of the money that has gone into studying this “issue” over the last 30 years had instead been spent researching the above projects. But then again, their aim is not to find a solution, is it?
Report Post »TIME_2_END_THE_PAUL_CAMPAIGN_IN_12
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:58pm“Just imagine what the socialists could accomplish if they had an excuse to control population density and growth.”
A little off topic, but reminds me of when Rep Hank Johnson said … “Guam would tip over and capsize”…
Report Post »Lrose68
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:31pmI get so confused, isn’t this the year Al Gore proclaimed the following: “…the Arctic Ocean could be nearly ice-free at the end of summer by 2012″. That same year a Nasa scientist stated ““The Arctic is screaming,” The last time I checked, the arctic was near normal this year in the ice department…. I get so sick of these “tipping points.” I think one too many beers have produced tipping points but not the ones they are referring to.
Report Post »ruoncrack
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:11pmYou might want to check again. The Northwest passage has been ice free the past couple of summers. That is not normal. And yes we have seen natural climate change before but never at the speed we’re currently witnessing. I really don‘t understand what they’re putting in the sand that makes all of you want to keep your heads in it. Acting responsibly for future generations is not a bad thing.
Report Post »Suquamish
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:34pmRoo On Crack- Go right ahead and join the lugnuts who bow to the mantra of Global Warming. We know you won’t be deterred by the abundance of facts to the contrary. Enjoy living in a mud hut and eating grubs. Oh sorry: TV, radio and internet not allowed.
Report Post »Mikev5
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 7:36pmruoncrack
Idiot were its getting warm in one place its getting cold in the next town cold and hot spots are moving around all the time.
Does this mean global warming NO NO NO
Get a clue this data has been faked from the start and idiots like you believe it like its gods word.
Report Post »Twobyfour
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 8:04pmRoo, I‘ll tell you what’s fast… Mammoths dug up from Siberian permafrost, with petals of steppe type of plants still hanging from their mouths, flash frozen. That WAS fast. This is nothing.
Report Post »Alessandre
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 8:40pm@ruoncrack: when you say it’s never changed this quickly, how do you know? are you basing that on weather statistics or core sampling or what? just wondered.
Report Post »Alessandre
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 8:44pm@ruoncrack: sorry, I want to be accurate, what is your basis for the following: “we have seen natural climate change before but never at the speed we’re currently witnessing”? weather statistics? core sampling? some other source of info?
Report Post »TheLeftMadeMeRight
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:30pmA scientist says what? Wass/he wearing a white lab coat with pocket protector and black rimmed glasses? Because if s/he has a white coat and a stethoscope and no pocket protector or glasses that is a doctor not a scientist. Wow, I wish I was a smart person too…
“In order to continue to further receive large amounts of taxpayer grant dollars a scientist has said the following…”
PS- it’s BS
Report Post »kilo62a
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:27pmAre these the same scientists who were predicting the next ice age 20 years ago?
Report Post »Ghandi was a Republican
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:25pmIndeed my arse.. In the NWO these charlatans try to sell, you will see people rape the lands and seas of every natural resource they can get their hands on. Unemployed, indigent and dependent on the benevolence of Elites who want everything for themselves, they will have no choice!
Report Post »Tri-ox
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:25pmUh, they forgot the increase in zombieism which we are already experiencing – damn that ‘global warming’ (™ Al Gore)!
Report Post »Constructionist
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:23pmScientists Report Earth Reaching ‘Tipping Point’ With ‘Severe Impacts’ on Quality of Life:
Luckily, this problem can be solved in November.
Report Post »Ghandi was a Republican
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:27pmNice avatar/logo
Report Post »TheLeftMadeMeRight
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:36pmI beleive it’s tipping back to the right…
Report Post »bustedupvet
Posted on June 14, 2012 at 3:10amIf we get rid of obombo’s “system suckers” the planet will survive quite well.
Report Post »ooskerDoo
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:23pmSorry to disappoint guys, but it’s not global. It’s a petri dish and populations are little dots about to hit the “zone of inhibition” – surrounded by nutrients the growth has stopped because there is too much waste at the edge of expansion. We need the “right” group of scientists to shed the human “Haloes Caliper” insight to the media.
Report Post »There’s plenty of room and resources. It‘s the limited thought process that’s choking us.
Sue Dohnim
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:21pmThe tipping point has past ..
and this ECOMARXIST CRAP is over,,
Marxist ideology cloaked in the veneer of science
Report Post »4truth2all
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 10:59pmFrom that great book of evolutionist / atheist truth …Nature magizine … lets all go kill our neighbors and thin the street a bit … and the babies … keep up the good work …. anyway, if the earth is round won’t it roll , if it’s flat it would tip.
Report Post »Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:21pmAnthony Barnosky, professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author for the study explained in a university press release that the research presents a combination of factors that lead to this tipping point. They include population growth, …
So we have abortion & a 1 or 2 child policy in the developed world & allow uncontrolled immigration. Meanwhile in the developing world we have an as many kids as you can policy.
Report Post »So in other words the progressives have no intention of controlling population growth. It is a sham.
crisco34
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:20pmum …. where did the 7 billion people come from 11000 years ago? …. if this “problem” is man caused , how did it happen in the past before population growth and the use of fossil fuels … these people are simpletons … smh
Report Post »Psychosis
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:20pmspay and neuter all liberals and that will immediately make a difference
they are only 20% of the population , but if they stop breeding completely ( they are already halfway there with abortion) it would completely reverse the end of the world through population problem
( they wont be there to complain, hence no problem :)
Report Post »Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:18pmScrew these scientists?
Every so many weeks or so many months they make another run at scaring the public.
They have yet to answer the Medieval Warming Period (MWP)
They have yet to answer the effects of cloud ionization.
Most alarmists do not walk the talk. Instead the buy indulgences (carbon credits) & jet off to some new locale.
Report Post »marcus_arealius
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:17pmIn order to be a ‘Scientist’ you have to tow the government line of crap in order to get grant money, i.e., Tax payers stolen money. Otherwise who the hell is going to pay you to do real science? Universities? Only if you tow that line of leftist crap. How can a real scientist do real work? Perhaps working for the research division of IBM or other large corp. But then there’s a hiring freeze on research positions.
I would rather scrub toilets with a tooth brush than write totally false papers on junk science. There is honor in toilet scrubbing, not so in science.
Report Post »svan71
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:15pmLets tax c02 take the money and fund liberal progressive causes….problem solved.
Report Post »Bigolfascist
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:21pmOh, that could never happen!
Report Post »svan71
Posted on June 8, 2012 at 12:16amBetter yet lets all go gay, and then abort those babies that are born to couples in “traditional marriages” well save this planet or else….
Report Post »fancynancy
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:14pmOh blah blah.
Report Post »oicu814me2
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:35pmi was just thinking the samething
Report Post »BurntHills
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:12pm-scream!-scream!- oh no! what next?! too many people so North America is going to tip over??!!
these scientists have LOST all their credibility. they can crawl back into the closet …with AL GORE.
Report Post »copatriots
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:20pm“The sky is falling. The sky is falling.” One of these days scientists might actually be correct about something we should heed but no one will listen after the numerous times they have proven to be liars.
Report Post »Walkabout
Posted on June 7, 2012 at 6:23pmThey are not just screaming. They are threatening death. There was a whack job writing in FORBES Magazine who said deniers should be forced to give up their land for land that is flooded. Which a round about way of saying he wanted them dead.
They will also use the force of law to impoverish people by increasing their energy costs.
Report Post »