WASHINGTON (AP) -- Years before the high-profile deaths of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and Freddie Gray, more than half of African-American millennials indicated they, or someone they knew, had been victimized by violence or harassment from law enforcement, a new report says.
The information, from the "Black Millennials in America" report issued by the Black Youth Project at the Study of Race, Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago, reflects starkly different attitudes among black, Latino, Asian and white millennials when it comes to policing, guns and the legal system in the United States. Researchers, who have surveyed millennials several times during the past decade, point out that the disparities existed well before the "Black Lives Matter" movement began.
Neal Blair, of Augusta, Ga., wears a hoodie which reads, "Black Lives Matter" as stands on the lawn of the Capitol building during a rally to mark the 20th anniversary of the Million Man March, on Capitol Hill, on Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015, in Washington. Black men from around the nation returned to the capital calling for changes in policing and in black communities. (AP/Evan Vucci)
In the 2009 Mobilization and Change Survey, 54.4 percent of black millennials answered yes to the question "Have you or anyone you know experienced harassment or violence at the hands of the police?" Almost one-third of whites, 1 in 4 Latinos and 28 percent of Asian-Americans surveyed said yes to the same question.
This study, released to The Associated Press on Wednesday, comes as the United States grapples with concerns over policing in minority communities following the deaths of Martin, 17, in Florida three years ago, Brown, 18, in Ferguson, Missouri, last year and Gray, 25, in Baltimore earlier this year. Their deaths, as well as those of other black men and women, have inspired nationwide protests under the "Black Lives Matter" and "Say Her Name" monikers.
But even while being the wellspring of those movements, a clear majority of black millennials - 71 percent - said in that same survey they believe police in their neighborhood were "there to protect you." Eighty-five percent of whites, 76 percent of Hispanics and 89 percent of Asians also said police were in their neighborhood to protect them.
Tyrone Tereill, left, of St. Paul and St. Paul Police officer Matt Toupal negotiate the protesters next move as supporters of "Black Lives Matter" march near the rout of the Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon, in St. Paul, Sunday, Oct. 4 2015. (AP/Craig Lassig)
"We know that young blacks are more likely to be harassed by the police. We know that they are more likely to mistrust their encounters with the police," said Cathy Cohen, chair of the political science department at the University of Chicago and leader of the Black Youth Project. "But we also know from actually collecting data that a majority of them believe that police in their neighborhood are actually there to protect them, so I think it provides us with more complexity."
Another survey done by the project in 2013, the Black Youth Project Quarterly Survey, showed that the percentage of blacks and Latinos who said they knew people who carried guns had declined, but more of them knew someone who was the victim of gun violence. Twenty-four percent of blacks and 22 percent of Latino millennials said they or someone they knew "carried a gun in the last month." Almost half of white millennials - 46 percent - said they knew of someone who carried a gun.
However, 22 percent of black millennials and 14 percent of Latino millennials said they or someone they knew were the victim of gun violence in the last year, compared to 8 percent of white millennials.
St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar walks along protesters as people gather along West Florissant Avenue in Ferguson, Mo., Tuesday, Aug. 11, 2015. The St. Louis suburb has seen demonstrations for days marking the anniversary of the death of 18-year-old Michael Brown, whose shooting death by a Ferguson police officer sparked a national "Black Lives Matter" movement. Tuesday was the fifth consecutive night a crowd gathered on West Florissant. (AP/Jeff Roberson)
It's not surprising that young blacks and whites feel differently on these issues, given the different experiences the groups are reporting, said Jon Rogowski, an assistant political science professor at Washington University in St. Louis. For example, white millennials don't report having to explain themselves to police, while millennials of color report that officers stopped them simply to question them about what they were up to, he said.
"We see story after story about how this leads into a more combative situation which has escalated and led to, in some instances, tragic outcomes," said Rogowski, who co-authored the Black Millennials In America report. "So the experiences that these different communities have had based on where they live and the kinds of policing procedures that are in place there, we would argue, lead to these different patterns."
After arrest, black millennials also don't believe everyone gets fair treatment from the legal system in the United States. They're not alone in this feeling, with only 38 percent of all millennials agreeing with the statement that "the American legal system treats all groups fairly" in the 2014 Black Youth Project survey.
Black millennials are the most pessimistic about the American legal system, with only a little more than 1 in 4 - 26.8 percent - agreeing that the legal system is fair to all. More than a third of other young Americans surveyed - 41 percent for whites, 36.7 percent for Latinos and 38.1 percent for Asians - agreed that everyone gets treated fairly by the legal system.
But they are also the most optimistic about bringing about change through politics.
More black millennials - 71 percent - believe that they can make a difference through participating in politics than whites at 52 percent or Latinos at 56 percent, according to their June 2014 survey.
